نگاهی به تأثیر و جایگاه تغییرات آب و هوایی در سیستم بین المللی حقوق بشر، بویژه مصادیق نسل سوم

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسنده

چکیده

تشدید تغییرات آب وهوایی وخارج شدن آن از حالت طبیعی بر زندگی انسان اثرگذار بوده است.

 
 این تأثیر را از جنبه‌های گوناگون می‌توانبررسی کرد.یکی از زوایای قابل بررسی در این زمینه،اثرگذاری تغییرات آب وهوایی برحقوق بشر است.                                                                                                           
  حقوق بشر با طی یک فرایند تاریخی از اندیشه‌های فلسفی سربرآورد و وارد عرصۀ اجتماع شد تا از کرامت انسان حمایت کند.در غرب که بسیاری آنرا خاستگاه حقوق بشر می‌دانند، حقوق بشر بر حمایت از فرد تأکید دارد واین حمایت در مقابل قدرت حاکم قرار داردکه همیشه با تردید و سوءظن به آن نگریسته شده است.اما این عرصه از حقوق نیز ایستا نمانده و با توجه به تحولات اجتماعی دگرگون شده است.امروزه در بین حقوق‌دانان، به‌ویژه در کشورهای در حال توسعه، سخن از نسل جدیدی از حقوق است که صرفاً تأکید بر حمایت از فرد نداردوبا تلاش حکومت‌ها بهبود نمی‌یابد، بلکه تحقق آن نیاز به همبستگی دارد که این حقوق را حقوق همبستگی می‌نامند و از آن به عنوان مقولۀ سوم حقوق بشر یاد می‌کنند .
تغییرات آب وهوایی و راهکارهایی که برای برخورد باآن در نظر گرفته شده، بر مقولۀ سوم نیز اثرگذار بوده است. مصادیقی همچون حق بر توسعه،حق بر صلح و حق بر محیط زیست سالم از تغییرات آب وهوایی تأثیرپذیرفته و در معرض تهدید قرار گرفته‌اند؛ در حالی‌که هنوز در جامعۀ جهانی در رژیم حقوق بشر همچون حقوق مقولۀ اول و دوم شناسایی شده‌اند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Over View Of The Impact Of Climate Change On The Status Of Human Rights The Instavces Of The Thid Generation

نویسنده [English]

  • Ramin Rezayi
چکیده [English]

Escalation of climate changes beyond natural limits has had different impacts on human life. These effects can be studied from various angles. One of these aspects is the effects of climate change on the human rights. Human rights originated from philosophical thought and entered into the scope of society after going through a historical process. In the West, which is considered as the origin of human rights discourse, the emphasis is on the protection of individuals against the ruling power that has always been viewed suspiciously.  But this view and interpretation is not static and has changed as the result of various factors like social changes. Nowadays, among legal scholars, especially in the developing countries, there is a trend for recognition of a new generation of rights that are not solely based on the protection of individuals. The realization of these claimed rights requires solidarity. These set of rights are labeled as solidarity rights and referred to as the third generation of human rights. Climate changes and the strategies for dealing with it, has had an impact on this category of human rights. Some examples of this category are the right to development, right to peace and the right to a healthy environment. Meanwhile, the third generation rights have not reached the position of first and second generation rights. This paper deals with the analysis of parts of these effects from international human rights perspective

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Beneficiary of human rights
  • climate changes
  • third generation human rights
  • disobeying
 Meeting of small Island states
Association of Small Island States ("AOSIS")
Human Rights Council
U.N. Human Rights Council Res. 7/23-at 65, U.N.Doc A/HRC/7/78 (July 14, 2008)
Stakeholder
Res. 7123
See letter from Inrahim Wani, OHCHR, to all member state accredited in Geneva (June 2, 2008)
European Commission
Organization of American States (OAS)
See, OHCHR study on the relationship between climate change and human rights: submissions and reference documents received http://www2.ohchr.org/issues/climatechange/submission.htm
Enjoyment of Human Rights
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/climatechange/docs/submissions.Australia.Canada.Uk.pdf
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/climatechange/docs/submissions/USA.pdf
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/climatechange/docs/submission.Maldive.Marshall.Island.pdf
Enjoyment
Violate
Meinhard Doelle,op,cit 180 .
OHCHR, report, UN. Doc/A / HRC/ 10 / 61 (Jan 15, 2009)
OHCHR, report. pp 78.79 .
U. N. Development Program
UNDP, Human Development Report 2007 / 2008 . Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in Divided World.
Oxfam International, Adapting to Climate Change, Oxfam Briefing Paper. May 2007
Laura Horn. op ,cit, p, 237 .
preamble of UNFCCC
Human Security
Eeast Timor
Barnett, Jon. Security and Climate Change: towards an improved understanding. Human security and climate change workshop. 2005 . UNEP
UNDP. Human Development Report's. 1994
The World Summit. 1996
Consultation Group on International Agricultural Research. (CGIAR)
"A Climate of Cnonflict: The links between Climate change, peace and war". International Alert, November. 2007
International Alert
Ibid, p 3.
Darfur
Ban-Ki-Moon
Ban-ki-Moon. "A climate culprit on Darfur" in Washington post, 16 June 2007
Sahelian
Ibid. p 12.
Article 11 of the (ICESCR)
Nurtritional Adequency
High – Level Conference on World Food Security
Millennium Development Goals
Climate change adoption and mitigation: challenges and opportunities for food security. P 1 . UN Doc HLC / 08 ? INF / 2.
Ibid. pp 2-3 .
Agroforestry for food of energy
Ibid. p 8 .
Article 11 of the (ICESCR)
Economic and Special Council, General Comment 15. 20002 . UN Doc E/C 12/2002/11 .
Right to earn a living throught work.
Right to water coalition
IPCC. Climate change and water forth assessment report. Jun 2008 . www.ipcc.ch
Ibid. p 15 .
UDHR article 25 (1) – ICESCR article 12 (1)
Article 24 of the Convention on the Right of the Child and article 12 of the Gonrention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against woman.
Marshall Island Res. 7/23 . submission pp. 8-11 and Maldives Res 7/23 submission pp. 39-56 .
Subhash Kumar Vs State of Bihar.
Subhash Kumar Vs State of Bihar. (1991) I SCC 598 .
Gabcikovo – Nagymaros
C. G. Weera mantry
C.G. Weeramantry – (seperate opinion) Gabcikovo – Nagymaros Project Hungary Vs Slovakia. 1997 ICJ
Oneryildiz Vs Turkey. Ibid.
Guerra Vs, Italy. Ibid. pp 56-62
Guerra Vs, Italy. Ibid. (Walsh and Jambrek, J, concurring)
Article 1 of The (UNRD)
Principle 1 of the Rio Declaration
Principle 3 of the Rio Declaration
Sub – Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities U.N. Doc. E / CN. 4 / Sub. 2 / 1994 / 9 . p 22 .